Free radicals are unstable molecules or atoms that contain an unpaired electron. Because they lack stability, they aggressively react with nearby molecules such as DNA, proteins, and lipids by stealing electrons. This process causes oxidative stress, which is linked to aging and many chronic diseases.
Free radicals are produced naturally during cellular metabolism (energy production).
External sources like pollution, smoking, UV radiation, pesticides, and stress also increase their levels.
When free radicals attack DNA and cells, they cause mutations, premature cell death, and inflammation.
Normally, the body uses antioxidants (from food, enzymes, or water) to neutralize free radicals.
Excess free radicals damage cells and tissues, leading to:
DNA mutations
Faster aging of skin and organs
Increased risk of cancer, diabetes, heart disease, and neurodegenerative disorders
Controlled levels of free radicals are useful for immunity (they help kill harmful microbes).
Balance between free radicals and antioxidants is crucial for long-term health.
Explain the connection between oxidative stress and chronic diseases.
Highlight why antioxidants (vitamins, minerals, molecular hydrogen) are essential.
Acts as a key scientific concept for understanding modern lifestyle diseases.
⚠️ Free radicals cannot be completely avoided, as they are a natural by-product of metabolism.
⚠️ Excess antioxidants may also interfere with normal biological processes.
⚠️ Only balance (not elimination) of free radicals ensures good health.
Free radicals are unstable molecules with unpaired electrons that damage DNA, proteins, and cells through oxidative stress. While the body produces them naturally, external factors increase their harmful levels. Antioxidants are necessary to neutralize free radicals, reduce DNA damage, slow aging, and protect against chronic diseases.
